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> Heat Illness
What is Heat Illness?
Heat illness generally falls into three progressively
more serious categories:
Heat
(or muscle) cramps
Heat
exhaustion
Heat
stroke
There is overlap between the three; for example, cramps
can be present in all three forms of heat illness. Heat
cramps usually affect the lower legs and abdominal muscles.
Heat exhaustion occurs when the body’s cooling
system (mainly perspiration) is unable to keep up with
heat stress. Without treatment, this condition can soon
progress to heat stroke. Heat stroke is a medical emergency
in which the body’s cooling systems suddenly shut
down. It can lead to severe dehydration and hyperthermia
(a dangerous elevation of body temperature) which can
cause damage to the brain and other organs. Heat stroke
can be fatal if not treated quickly by health-care professionals.
Young children, senior citizens and those in poor general
health are especially susceptible to heat illnesses.
Heat illness is caused by an imbalance
between water and electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium,
and calcium). Muscle cramps also can be caused by the
buildup of lactic acid in the muscle that can occur
during strenuous exercise. When you get dehydrated,
there is not enough blood flow to the leg muscles, and
the muscles' balance of water and electrolytes (salts)
is upset, so the muscles tighten up into a cramp, usually
affecting the lower legs and abdominal muscles.
The most important thing to do when
having to exercise on a hot, humid day is to drink plenty
of fluids. You cannot rely on your body's thirst-feedback
mechanism to know how much to drink. If you are in a
low humidity area, when you perspire, it will help you
cool off more, so you can tolerate higher temperatures
better in a dry climate. You need to drink about a quart
of fluid for every pound of body fluid you lose during
exercise. Drink water at least every 15 minutes on hot,
humid days. Try to plan your activities early in the
morning or late in the afternoon to avoid exposure during
the hottest hours of the day. Know when to say “no”
to exercise. You should be drinking enough water so
that your urine is light-colored and not dark yellow.
That can be an indicator of your level of hydration.
Because caffeine and alcohol can cause you to lose extra
fluid, they should be avoided. Wearing a hat or sun
visor, particularly one that can “breathe,”
helps protect you from the effects of direct sunlight.
A football helmet is not designed for heat loss. You
should also try to wear loose-fitting clothing made
from a breathable material, such as cotton, and go for
light colors, which do not absorb as much sunlight.
Athletes in stadiums, especially those with artificial-turf
surfaces, are even more susceptible to heat illness.
Because much body heat is lost through the head, pouring
cool water over the head and scalp can promote heat
loss and help prevent heat injury.
Treatment of heat-related muscle cramps
associated with heat exhaustion includes ceasing strenuous
activity and retreating to a cooler place; stretching
and then massaging of afflicted muscle groups, followed
by icing; and replenishment of fluids with water, sports
drink, or fruit juice. For heat exhaustion, treatments
include immediate relocation to a cool place; removal
of excess clothing; sponging or sprinkling the body
with cool water, and copious replenishment of fluids.
Medical assistance may be required. For heat stroke,
immediate treatments include either cool baths or ice
packs near large arteries such as at the neck and armpits,
and oral or intravenous replenishment of fluids. If
in doubt, seek urgent medical assistance. Heat stroke
is a medical emergency.
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